The W 1 and W 2 particles "eat" the charged, broken-symmetry consequences of the Higgs, becoming the W + and W - particles.Then, the following things all happen at once: Patrick Heusser, Once the symmetry breaks, the Higgs field has four mass-containing consequences: two are charged (one positive and one negative) and two are neutral. This corresponds to a broken symmetry state, since all values (i.e., locations) are no longer equivalent. to the lowest-level 'ring' at the bottom. When a wine bottle is completely empty, any ball or drop of oil inside will slide all the way down. Whereas the restored-symmetry state yielded only massless particles, the broken symmetry state changes everything.
But that energy state isn't quite zero: it has a finite, non-zero value known as its vacuum expectation value. When this symmetry breaks, the Higgs field settles into the bottom, lowest-energy, equilibrium state. This is what we call a broken-symmetry state. It has to go to where the liquid level is, and that means down into the divot(s) at the bottom of the bottle. And the field can no longer remain in the center more generally, it can't take on simply any old value. Evan Swigart from Chicago, USAīut below a certain liquid level, the bottom of the container starts to show itself. This corresponds to a restored-symmetry state. At any location, the wine-level, and hence what's floating atop it, will remain at the same level. float on the wine's surface inside the bottle. When a wine bottle is either completely or partially filled, a drop of oil or a ping pong ball will. This is what we call a restored-symmetry state. As the level of the liquid drops, the Higgs field remains atop the liquid, and everything stays massless.
So long as the energy of your Universe is above a certain value, you can think about the Higgs field as floating atop the liquid in a soda (or wine) bottle. This is what's floating around in the early Universe, colliding, annihilating, and spontaneously being created, all in motion at the speed of light.Īs the Universe expands and cools, all of this continues. The other particles are all the same, except for the fact that they, too, have no mass yet. Instead of the weak and electromagnetic bosons (W +, W -, Z 0, γ), where the first three are very massive and the last is massless, we have four new bosons for the electroweak force (W 1, W 2, W 3, B), and all of them have no mass at all. bosons that existed as the force carriers back before the electroweak symmetry was broken in the early Universe. The massless W and B bosons, instead of the W+, W-, the Z, and the photon, were the electroweak.
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